Summary
A total of 163 cases of hepatitis A have been reported in Austria so far this year, compared to 74 cases in 2024 as a whole. The number of infections in the current outbreak is now declining.
It is tick season and the number of TBE cases is currently slightly below the average of recent years.
Since May 2025, AGES has been working on the investigation of a food-borne outbreak caused by Salmonella Enteritidis. Despite numerous measures, it cannot be completely ruled out that contaminated eggs are still in circulation. It is therefore advisable to only use eggs that have been sufficiently boiled.
In Europe, 15 locally acquired dengue and 65 locally acquired chikungunya cases were reported this year. No cases have been registered in Austria so far.
194 locally acquired West Nile virus infections in humans have already been reported in Europe this year. Austria confirmed the first West Nile virus infection of the year in a bird at the beginning of August; there have been no human cases to date. The West Nile virus season usually starts at the beginning of June and lasts until the end of October.
In this month's topic, we explain whether exotic-sounding diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks could become native to us and what climate change has to do with it.
A police officer shot dead and shots fired at the headquarters of the US health service CDC kick off our news. In the USA, there is a debate about the extent to which politicians share responsibility for the incident. We also present a new study that calculates how many lives and years of life the COVID-19 vaccination has saved. Timor-Leste has also been declared malaria-free and Kenya has eliminated sleeping sickness . And the 2024 annual reports of the Salmonella, Botulism and Meningococcal National Reference Centres were published.
As reported in the last two radars, there has been an acute increase in hepatitis A cases in Austria. Since 2023, there has been a continuous outbreak with 87 cases, 34 people have had to be treated in hospital and four have died (as of 5 August 2025). Among those affected, mainly men, there is an increase in people without a home or those who administer drugs intravenously. Most cases come from Vienna, with isolated cases from other federal states.
There are other hepatitis A cases that are not related to this outbreak, meaning that a total of 163 cases were reported in Austria this year (as of 13 August 2025). There were 74 cases in the whole of 2024. According to the Institute for Infectious Disease Epidemiology at AGES (Agency for Health and Food Safety), the number of new cases is currently declining.
On 12 May 2025, AGES submitted a suspected outbreak report for a cross-provincial food-borne outbreak caused by Salmonella Enteritidis. The outbreak investigation was initiated by the BMASGPK (Federal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection), but research into the cause is proving difficult as the source(s) have not yet been precisely identified. Based on positive test results from food and veterinary samples from poultry farms, the current hypothesis is that the source of infection is to be found in eggs and egg products.
The outbreak is currently being investigated and samples have been and are being taken from producers and food retailers. AGES is systematically asking those affected about their diet in order to identify the sources of infection. Measures have already been taken to withdraw potentially contaminated eggs from circulation.
However, it cannot currently be completely ruled out that infected eggs or products made from infected eggs are still in circulation. Only the consumption of insufficiently heated eggs can lead to infection, so eggs should be boiled thoroughly to avoid potential risks. Sufficiently heated eggs are not dangerous.
As of 6 August 2025, 72 cases were detected between December 2024 and July 2025 in eight federal states. 32 people had to be treated in hospital.
So far this year, there have been slightly fewer reported cases of early summer meningoencephalitis (TBE) than the average for this time of year in recent years. Up to and including July, 75 cases were reported this year, compared to a median of 99 in the last five years. However, the difference compared to previous years is too small to speculate about the causes, especially as annual fluctuations in the number of cases are typical for TBE. There is a risk of contracting TBE from a tick bite throughout Germany. Austria is one of the most affected areas in Europe. An effective vaccination exists.
Lyme disease is not a notifiable disease in Austria, so there are no official case numbers. AGES is currently investigating how many ticks carry borrelia and can therefore infect people with Lyme disease: So far this year, 4,180 ticks have been sent to AGES, 1,410 of which have been examined: Borrelia was detected in 25.5 % per cent of the ticks examined.
Both diseases are transmitted by ticks. Effective tick protection with long clothing and repellents is the best prevention. Checking the body for ticks immediately after spending time outdoors can prevent bites and removing a tick correctly and in good time reduces the risk of borrelia transmission.
The European West Nile virus (WNV) season officially began in July with the first locally acquired (autochthonous) cases. As of 06/08/2025, six European countries have reported autochthonous human cases of WNV infection: Bulgaria (1), France (2), Greece (20), Italy (168) and Romania (2) and Hungary (1). Italy has the highest number of confirmed cases, especially in the Latina region near Rome, where 98 cases have been reported so far.
The first evidence of WNV infection in Austria this year was reported on 6 August 2020. The affected bird was a crow found in the district of Baden. There has been no evidence of WNV in humans or in the examination of mosquitoes this year. This indicates a delayed start to the WNV season compared to the previous year. It remains to be seen whether this will contribute to a lower number of cases in humans and animals this year. Last year, Austria had a record year with a total of 37 cases (34 of which were autochthonous) in humans and 61 detected outbreaks in the veterinary sector (horses: 39, birds: 22). In addition, the virus was detected in three infected mosquitoes in 2024. This season, the number of mosquitoes remains significantly lower than in the previous year and all samples taken so far have tested negative for WNV (as of 8 August 2025).
The WNV situation in Austria is being monitored, weekly updates can be found at West Nile Virus - AGES. More information on WNV cases in animals can be found in the monthly animal disease radar.
WNV is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. Some Culex species, such as the common mosquito(Culex pipiens), are established and widespread in Europe.
Infections with WNV are mostly asymptomatic, with 20% developing flu-like symptoms. In individual cases, inflammation of the meninges and brain can occur (meningoencephalitis).
Weekly updates: 2025 West Nile virus transmission season
Austria-wide monitoring for the detection of alien mosquito species - AGES
Summer is mosquito season and therefore also the time of the diseases they transmit. Like the West Nile virus (see above), the chikungunya virus and the dengue virus are also transmitted by mosquitoes, albeit by different species. Here, the yellow fever and tiger mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, play the main role in transmission. In Europe, these mosquitoes are more (tiger mosquito) or less (yellow fever mosquito) widely established. Both the dengue and chikungunya viruses are not native to Europe. Most cases reported in Europe are travellers returning from endemic areas. However, there are now also locally acquired cases of chikungunya and dengue infections in some parts of Europe, which are being closely monitored by national health institutes and the ECDC.
As of 6 August 2025, 65 locally acquired chikungunya cases have been reported in Europe, most of them (63) in France. The high number is partly due to the more than 800 imported cases(Santé Publique, as of 05/08/2025). A chikungunya outbreak is underway in the French overseas territory of La Réunion, from which most imported cases are returning, with over 54,000 confirmed cases since the beginning of the year(ECDC, as at 18 July 2025).
As of 6 August 2025,autochthonous dengue cases have been confirmed in France (10), Italy (3) and Portugal (2).
In Austria, 8 imported cases of chikungunya and 88 imported cases of dengue have been reported this year up to and including July. So far, there has been no evidence of local transmission in any case.
The symptoms of chikungunya and dengue are very similar, which means that a final diagnosis can only be made by testing. There is no specific treatment available. Vaccinations are available, but are currently only recommended in special cases. To avoid infection, it is advisable to use mosquito repellent.
An essential measure to contain the spread of the virus is to avoid breeding sites for mosquitoes by, among other things, emptying water containers at least once a week and closing rain barrels.
In the AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases of 17 July 2025, we dealt with the Chikungunya virus in detail.
In Austria, a recently available vaccination against chikungunya is recommended for travellers to endemic areas and, if there is a corresponding epidemiological risk, from the age of 12 and for exposed laboratory personnel.
A man from Voinești in Romania died of rabies in July 2025 after being bitten by a stray dog in February. No post-exposure prophylaxis was carried out. He only received antibiotic treatment. The disease was only recognised late and the patient died after more than three weeks in hospital.
This is the first confirmed autochthonous human case of terrestrial rabies in Romania and in the entire EU/EEA region since 2012. The last imported rabies cases in the European Union or the European Economic Area (EU/EEA) occurred in 2019.
There is still no effective treatment for an outbreak of rabies, and post-exposure prophylaxis is of crucial importance in preventing an outbreak of the disease. People planning a stay in a risk area should be vaccinated beforehand.
Climate change is the long-term change in the average weather conditions on Earth. In Austria, for example, the consequences of climate change are clearly noticeable in the form of rising temperatures, melting glaciers, periods of drought and more intense heavy rainfall events with flooding . However, there is another aspect that is being discussed more and more frequently in connection with climate change and is appearing on health policy agendas: vectors.
What are vectors?
In infectious disease epidemiology, vectors are organisms that can transmit pathogens between humans or from animals to humans. In most cases, vectors are arthropods that ingest the pathogen during a blood meal and can later pass it on. Examples include mosquitoes, midges, black flies, fleas, lice, sand flies, ticks, bedbugs and tsetse flies. Diseases transmitted by vectors (VBD - vector-borne diseases) account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases worldwide.
The exciting thing: Just because the vectors are present does not necessarily mean that diseases will spread - a wide variety of conditions must be met for disease transmission or even outbreaks to occur. These include
- There must be an infected host from which the vector can pick up the pathogen; the host can be an animal or a human that is already sick and then has contact with the vector. It can also happen that pathogens in an animal do not cause disease in the host but are nevertheless picked up and transmitted by a vector
- A suitable vector must be present that can pick up and pass on pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites
- It must be possible for the pathogen to develop into an infectious stage and for the pathogen to replicate in the vector
- There must be transmission of the pathogen to a new host, animal or human, through a bite or sting
- It depends on the immune status of the new host whether the disease breaks out in this host or not
If new, alien vectors are introduced into Austria, for example, this does not automatically mean that a new disease will spread.
Reasons for the global spread of VBDs
Suitable environmental conditions must prevail, not only for the survival of the new vector, but also for its activity and reproduction, as well as for reproduction or reaching the infectious stage of the pathogen within the vector and for the host populations. Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation levels due to climate change have already been identified as important drivers for the global spread or shift of VBD.
However, climate change is not solely responsible for the global spread. Other man-made drivers include globalisation and socio-demographic factors. Both vectors and pathogens are spread through international transport and trade. Deforestation, mining and dams as well as the degradation/alteration of ecosystems lead to changes in the habitats of vectors and non-human hosts. Urbanisation provides ideal habitats for certain mosquito species, such as Aedes albopictus(Asian tiger mosquito). They lay their eggs in small containers with standing water such as flower pot saucers, bird baths, watering cans, toys, etc. and can overwinter in some regions of Austria. Socio-demographic drivers include, for example, the composition of the population: children, older people and pregnant women are often more susceptible, which is relevant in ageing societies - including Austria.
Exotic-sounding diseases could soon become domestic
Which vectors and diseases are relevant in Austria and which could become so in the coming years? An overview in table form:
| Vector type | Disease | Autochthonous (yes/no) | Distribution in Austria |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mosquito(Aedes albopictus) | Chikungunya fever | No | No, potentially possible in the future, as Aedes albopictus is already widespread in Austria, among others |
| Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) | Dengue fever | No | No, potentially possible in the future, as Aedes albopictus, among others, is already widespread in Austria |
| Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) | Zika virus infections | No | No, potentially possible in the future, as Aedes albopictus, among others, is already widespread in Austria |
| Mosquito(Culex) | West Nile fever | Yes | Detected in eastern Austria |
| Ticks | Crimean-Congo fever | No | No, potentially possible in the future |
| Ticks | TBE | Yes | Yes |
| Ticks | Tularemia | Yes | Yes (primarily from hares) |
Supplement: Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne disease in Austria, but it is not notifiable and therefore not listed in Table 1.
Situation in Austria and how VBD is monitored
Until a few years ago, there was no comprehensive, national monitoring system in Austria to monitor (alien) vectors. In 2020, the Ovitrap monitoring programme was launched, which investigated the spread of alien mosquitoes in Austria for the first time. It quickly became apparent that the Asian tiger mosquito, among others, is already widespread in large parts of Austria. This is significant as this mosquito species can potentially transmit over 20 different pathogens, such as the chikungunya virus or dengue virus. An EU-funded project(OH SURVector) was launched in 2024 to expand mosquito monitoring and establish nationwide tick monitoring. For both vector groups, the aim is to research the species and their distribution in Austria on the one hand and to examine the arthropods for selected pathogens on the other: the mosquitoes for West Nile and Usutu virus, the ticks for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and the Crimean-Congo fever virus. Another EU-funded project(RAISE) has been analysing mosquitoes and ticks for other pathogens since 2025: Batai virus, Sindbis virus and Tahyna virus in mosquitoes and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia myiamotoi in ticks.
Another project in Graz is dedicated to the fight against the tiger mosquito: in August 2025, male tiger mosquitoes that had been rendered infertile were released in a pilot region in order to contain the population.
Many of the vector-borne diseases in humans are notifiable in Austria. This means that doctors and laboratories are obliged to report the disease to the relevant district administrative authority in the event of suspicion, illness or death or positive laboratory evidence and to enter it in the Epidemiological Reporting System (EMS). The case numbers for all notifiable infectious diseases can be found each month as an appendix in the AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases.
ECDC Key messages - Vector-borne diseases, Surveillance and updates for disease vectors
EFSA Vector-borne diseases | EFSA, Disease profiles
A police officer was shot dead near the headquarters of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The shooter had previously tried to enter the CDC building but was stopped. He fired several shots at the CDC building. In addition to the police officer, the shooter himself also died, whether by his own hand or by police officers is not yet clear.
According tomedia reports, the man was depressed and blamed his depression on the COVID-19 vaccination.
Despite a depressed lone offender, CDC unionists do not see the incident as accidental, but rather as "exacerbating the months of abuse, neglect and vilification that CDC employees have endured". She called on federal authorities to condemn misinformation about vaccines because it endangered scientists. Accordingly, some CDC representatives see US Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as directly responsible for the offence.
Katelyn Jetelina, who rose to prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic with her epidemiological newsletter, describes in the current issue of Your local epidemiologist how the act has affected the public health community, which is now literally under fire.
A new comparative effectiveness study in JAMA Health Forum estimates that COVID-19 vaccinations prevented more than 2.5 million deaths worldwide between 2020 and October 2024, saving around 15 million years of life. The estimates based on public data showed that one death could be prevented for every 5,400 doses of vaccine administered, especially at the beginning of the pandemic. The study shows that COVID-19 vaccinations had a clear and measurable benefit for global health. People over 60 in particular benefited from the vaccination. According to the calculations, this population group accounted for 90% of the lives saved.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has officially certified Timor-Leste as malaria-free. The certification is based on proof that there has been no indigenous transmission for at least three years.
The number of clinically diagnosed cases has fallen from over 223,000 in 2006 to zero indigenous cases since 2021, thanks in part to the introduction of rapid tests and a special therapy, as well as the distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets.
Timor-Leste is the third country in the WHO Southeast Asia region to achieve this status - after the Maldives (2015) and Sri Lanka (2016).
Kenya has eliminated sleeping sickness (HAT - Human African Trypanosomiasis) as a public health problem. This makes Kenya the tenth country in the world to achieve this milestone.
HAT is caused by single-celled parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. Infected tsetse flies can transmit these parasites to humans through a bite. Symptoms include fever, headache and joint pain and, in advanced stages, neurological symptoms such as confusion, disturbed sleep patterns and behavioural changes.
No new local cases have been reported in Kenya for over ten years. This success is the result of years of collaboration between the government, research institutions and communities. Kenya has taken extensive measures to monitor and combat the disease, including equipping health facilities with diagnostic tools and training specialised staff. With the support of WHO and partners, a surveillance plan is now being implemented to prevent a resurgence.
In 2024, 15 laboratory-confirmed cases of invasive meningococcal disease were registered at the National Reference Centre for Meningococcal Diseases. As in previous years, the age distribution shows the highest incidence among <1-year-olds. The second-highest age-specific incidence was observed in the 65+ age group.
Of the 15 cases, 67% were caused by N. meningitidis serogroup B and 27% by N. meningitidis serogroup Y. Resistance testing for penicillin, ceftriaxone, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin was performed on 11 invasive isolates: all isolates showed unrestricted in vitro susceptibility to these antibiotics.
In 2024, an increase in the number of initial human isolates submitted to the National Reference Centre for Salmonellosis was recorded. A total of 1,400 samples from 1,397 patients were submitted. Salmonella (S.) enteriditis was the most common serotype at 41.4 %.
Austria was involved in an international outbreak caused by S. Umbilo in summer and autumn 2024 with 20 cases. Rocket and baby spinach from Italy were identified as the source of infection. The frequent occurrence of S. Strathcona ST 2559 CT3910, which has been observed internationally since 2011, especially in the autumn months, continued in 2024 with a total of 24 microbiologically confirmed cases in Austria. Italian organic cherry tomatoes on the vine are suspected to be the source of infection.
The proportion of multi-resistant isolates was 9.3 %. High-level resistance to ciprofloxacin and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftazidime) only occurred in isolated cases.
In 2024, one case of human botulism was documented by the National Reference Centre for Botulism in Austria. This was infant botulism in an 8-month-old patient. Symptomatic treatment led to a rapid improvement. The source of infection could not be identified.
in connection with infectious diseases, primarily means that a disease is local. A sick person has contracted the disease locally. The opposite of this would be an imported case, where the infection has taken place elsewhere. As described in the topic of the month, new vectors that become established in Austria, for example, can ensure that diseases that were previously only imported are also acquired locally in the future.
The AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases is published monthly. The aim is to provide the interested public with a quick overview of current infectious diseases in Austria and the world. The diseases are briefly described, the current situation is described and, where appropriate and possible, the risk is assessed. Links lead to more detailed information. The "Topic of the month" takes a closer look at one aspect of infectious diseases.
How is the AGES radar for infectious diseases compiled?
Who: The radar is a co-operation between the AGES divisions "Public Health" and Risk Communication.
What: Outbreaks and situation assessments of infectious diseases:
- National: Based on data from the Epidemiological Reporting System (EMS), outbreak investigation and regular reports from AGES and the reference laboratories
- International: Based on structured research
- Topic of the week (annual planning)
- Reports on scientific publications and events
Further sources:
Acute infectious respiratory diseases occur more frequently in the cold season, including COVID-19, influenza and RSV. These diseases are monitored via various systems, such as the Diagnostic Influenza Network Austria (DINÖ), the ILI (Influenza-like-Illness) sentinel system and the Austrian RSV Network (ÖRSN). The situation in hospitals is recorded via the SARI (Severe Acute Respiratory Illness) dashboard.
Austrian laboratories send SARS-CoV-2 samples to AGES for sequencing. The sequencing results are regularly published on the AGES website.
For the international reports, health organisations (WHO, ECDC, CDC, ...) specialist media, international press, newsletters and social media are monitored on a route-by-route basis.
For infectious diseases in Austria, the situation is assessed by AGES experts, as well as for international outbreaks for which no WHO or ECDC assessment is available.
Disclaimer: The topics are selected according to editorial criteria, there is no claim to completeness.
Suggestions and questions to:wima@ages.at
As the response to enquiries is also coordinated between all parties involved (knowledge management, INFE, risk communication), please be patient. A reply will be sent within one week.
Case numbers of notifiable diseases according to the Epidemics Act, the figures are shown for the previous month and, in each case for the period from the beginning of the year to the end of the previous month, the figures for the current year, for the previous year, as well as the median of the last 5 years for comparison (Epidemiological Reporting System, as of 13 August 2025).
| Pathogens | 2025 | 2024 | 2020-2024 (median) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| July | Jan-July | Jan-July | Jan-July | |
| Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) | 3 | 7 | 9 | 5 |
| Botulism b | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Brucellosis | 2 | 4 | 6 | 5 |
| Campylobacteriosis b | 863 | 3.680 | 3.842 | 3.433 |
| Chikungunya fever | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 |
| Cholera | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Clostridioides difficile infection, severe course | 61 | 479 | 464 | 330 |
| Dengue fever | 10 | 88 | 146 | 36 |
| Diphtheria | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Ebola fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Echinococcosis caused by fox tapeworm | 2 | 13 | 18 | 10 |
| Echinococcosis due to dog tapeworm | 3 | 12 | 15 | 15 |
| Spotted fever (rickettsiosis caused by R. prowazekii) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) | 25 | 75 | 99 | 99 |
| Yellow fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Haemophilus influenzae, invasive a | 7 | 74 | 64 | 35 |
| Hantavirus disease | 3 | 22 | 14 | 19 |
| Hepatitis A | 29 | 163 | 38 | 22 |
| Hepatitis B | 82 | 551 | 661 | 572 |
| Hepatitis C | 82 | 603 | 661 | 524 |
| Hepatitis D | 0 | 3 | 8 | 4 |
| Hepatitis E | 5 | 39 | 34 | 34 |
| Whooping cough (pertussis) | 103 | 1.402 | 9.356 | 352 |
| Polio (poliomyelitis) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lassa fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Legionnaires' disease (legionellosis) d | 43 | 208 | 178 | 157 |
| Leprosy | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Leptospirosis | 2 | 7 | 16 | 7 |
| Listeriosis b | 4 | 21 | 23 | 21 |
| Malaria | 4 | 38 | 33 | 33 |
| Marburg fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Measles | 1 | 138 | 489 | 25 |
| Meningococcus, invasive c | 3 | 24 | 11 | 8 |
| Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Anthrax | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mpox e | 2 | 14 | 10 | 10 |
| Norovirus gastroenteritis b | 83 | 2.519 | 2.482 | 1.234 |
| Paratyphoid fever | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Plague | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pneumococcus, invasive c | 37 | 666 | 558 | 265 |
| Smallpox | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Psittacosis | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Rotavirus gastroenteritis b | 78 | 843 | 591 | 419 |
| Glanders (Malleus) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rubella | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Relapsing fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| STEC | 129 | 490 | 403 | 249 |
| Salmonellosis b | 166 | 713 | 630 | 547 |
| Scarlet fever | 12 | 189 | 485 | 2 |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Shigellosis b | 14 | 141 | 136 | 48 |
| Other viral meningoencephalitis | 21 | 99 | 86 | 75 |
| Rabies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Trachoma (grain disease) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Trichinellosis | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 |
| Tuberculosis | 28 | 229 | 261 | 232 |
| Tularemia | 9 | 28 | 68 | 16 |
| Typhoid fever | 0 | 4 | 8 | 3 |
| Bird flu (avian influenza) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| West Nile virus disease | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Yersiniosis b | 9 | 45 | 67 | 73 |
| Zika virus disease | 0 | 2 | 9 | 0 |
a The diseases are assessed according to the case definition. Diseases for which a case definition exists are shown, with the exception of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. As a rule, confirmed and probable cases are counted. Subsequent notifications or entries may result in changes.
b Bacterial and viral food poisoning, in accordance with the Epidemics Act.
c Invasive bacterial disease, in accordance with the Epidemics Act.
d Includes only cases with pneumonia.
e Mpox has been notifiable since 2022; the median is only calculated for the years in which notification is mandatory.
Last updated: 14.08.2025
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